Data Science Ethics: Without Conscience It Is But The Ruin of the Soul
Data Science is on the agenda but what about Data Science Ethics? The twin motors of data and information technology are driving innovation forward in most every aspect of human enterprise. In a similar fashion, Data Science today profoundly influences how business is done in fields as diverse as the life sciences, smart cities, and transportation.
As cogent as these directions have become, the dangers of data science without ethical considerations is as equally apparent – whether it be the protection of personally identifiable data, implicit bias in automated decision-making, the illusion of free choice in psychographics, the social impacts of automationMarketing automation in B2B enables marketing processes to be managed automatically across multiple channels. With marketing automation, companies can target their visitors with automated messages via e-mail, the web, social networks and SMS. Marketing Automation in B2B Above is a diagram explaining how the scenarios work in marketing automation, based on behavioural scoring and profiles. Messages are sent automatically, according to sets of instructions called workflows. The Limits of B2B Marketing Automation Some companies install marketing automation mechanisms while their maturity on the subject is ‘under construction’. They deploy technology for technology’s sake which leads them to use tools that, or the apparent divorce of truth and trust in virtual communication.
Justifying the need for focus on the Data Science Ethics goes beyond a balance sheet of these opportunities and challenges, for the practice of data science challenges our perceptions of what it means to be human.
This contribution was inspired by Julie Compagny’s noteworthy article on the Digital Me Up. Digital Me up is the blog of our students from the Advanced Master’s in Digital Business Strategy of Grenoble Management School, where I teach and Julie is one of the students from the 2018-2019 academic year. This topic will be on the menu of next month’s lecture about “Technology and Innovation”, which I will deliver on the premises of Vinci’s incubator, aptly named Leonard.
Data Science ethics and its influences on today’s business practices
Margo Boenig-Liptsin’s points out that our ever-increasing reliance on information technology has fundamentally transformed traditional concepts of “privacy”, “fairness” and “representation”, not to mention “free choice”, “truth” and “trust”.These mutations underline the increasing footprint and responsibilities of data science – beyond the bytes and bits, data science shakes the perceptual foundations of value, community, and equity. If academia has been quick to establish Data Science programs around statistics, computation and software engineering, few programs address the larger societal concerns of data science, and fewer still analyse how responsible data practices can be conditioned and even encouraged. Let’s sketch out the contours of this challenge.
Data citizens and Data Science Ethics
Perhaps no area of Data Science Ethics has received more attention today than the protection of personal data. The digital transformation of our interactions with social and economics communities reveals who we are, what we think, and what we do. The recent introduction of legislation in Europe (GDPR), India (the Personal Data Protection Act, 2018)., and California (the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018) specifically recognize the rights of digital citizens, and implicitly address the dangers of the commercial use of personal and personally identifiable data.
These legal frameworks try to rebalance the inequitable relationships of power and influence between organizations and individuals in codifying ethical benchmarks including the right to be informed, the right to object, the right of access, the right to rectification, and the right to be forgotten.
The attention given to this legislation extends far beyond concerns for data protection. These attempts to define proper and illicit data practices respond to a number of ethical questions. As data become the new currency of the world economy, the lines between public and private, between individuals and society, and between the resource rich and the resource poor are being redrawn.
Who owns personal data, and which rights can be assigned with explicit or implicit consent? To what extent should the public and private organizations be able to collect and control the vast records of our human interaction? To what extent should these data controllers and data processors be held accountable for the loss or misuse of our data?
Automated decision-making
The ability to conscientiously take decisions among alternative possibilities has long been viewed as a condition that separates man (or at least the living) from machines. As innovations in data science progress in algorithmic trading, self-driving cars, and robotics, the distinction between human and artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish.
Current applications of machine learning cross the threshold of decision support systems and enter the realm of artificial intelligence where sophisticated algorithms are designed to replace human decision-making.
Crossing this threshold introduces several ethical considerations. Can economic and/or social organizations rely on increasingly complex methodologies in which many understand neither the assumptions nor the limits of the underlying models?
Are we willing to accept that these applications, which by their very nature, learn from our experience – making us prisoners of our past and limiting our potential for growth and diversity? Do we understand that the inherent logic of these platforms can be gamed – which creates opportunities to “cheat” the system? Last and but not least, who is legally responsible for the implicit bias inherent in automated decision -making?
Micro-targeting
John Battelle suggested years ago that our digital footprints provide indelible roadmaps through the database of our intentions. The leitmotif of Data Science has been to help organizations understand the objectives, motivations and actions of both individuals and communities. The work of Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell has promised even more in suggesting that the pertinence of prescriptive analytics can be greatly enhanced in focusing on patterns of behaviour (personality traits, beliefs, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles) rather than clusters of demographic data.
Applications of micro-targeting have since been pitched as powerful tools of influence in the fields of marketing, politics and economics. Even if an individual’s ability to exercise “free choice” has long been a subject of debate, the practice of feeding consumers only information that they will agree with binds rationality even further.
Moreover, micro-targeting techniques allow researchers extrapolate sensitive information and personal preferences of individuals even when such data is not specifically captured. Finally, as the “client becomes the product”, there is a real danger that data science is used less to improve an organization’s product or service offering than to turn consumers into objects of manipulation.
Distributed ledgers
The goal of Information technology has long been to provide a single version of the truth to facilitate exchanges of products, services and ideas. For a number of reasons tied to the evolution of both the global economy and national markets, a perceptual gap has grown between this “ground truth” and the trust consumers have in the intermediaries (like the State, the banks, and the corporations) that capture, collect, and monetize this data. The social mechanics of the World Wide Web distort the relationship even further, putting on equal footing fact and fiction, favouring the extremes to the banality of normality.
Distributed ledger technologies in general, and blockchain technologies in particular, offer their share of hope both for a more transparent and traceable source of information.
Yet this vision of an Internet of Value is partially clouded by the potential societal challenges of relatively untested technologies. Can technology in and of itself be the standard for both truth and trust? To what degree will people and organizations accept the primacy of transparency? On what basis can social values — like the right to be forgotten— be reconciled with the technical requirements of public ledgers? Freed from the conventions and the logic of financial capitalism, can human nature accept a radically different basis for the distribution of wealth?
Human and machine intelligence
Although the impact of information technology on the organization of private and public enterprise has been largely debated over the last four decades, the impact of data science on the function of management has received considerably less attention.
In the trade press, technology is often seen as ethically neutral, proving a digital mirror of the dominant managerial paradigms at any point in time.
In academia the relationship is subject to closer scrutiny, authors like Latour, Callon and Law have demonstrated how different forms of technology influence the way that managers, employees and customers perceive the reality of social and economic exchanges, markets and industries.
When focusing on data science, these concerns for the context bring to light their own lot of ethical considerations. If Data is never objective, to what extent must management understand the context of how the data was collected, analysed and transmitted? Similarly, as algorithms have become more pervasive and complex, to what extent do managers need to understand their assumptions and their limits?
As applications assume larger and larger roles in key business processes, to what extent should management be defined around the coordination of human and software agents? Seen from another perspective, as artificial intelligence matures, which functions of management should be delegated to bots and which should be reserved for humanity?
The BAI Fall Session will explore the opportunities and challenges of digital citizens, automated decision making, micro-targeting, distributed ledgers, and artificial intelligence using corporate testimony and cases in both the public and private sectors. The session is open to management and engineering students, as well as working professionals. For details and inscriptions, please see Baifall.com
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In response to a direct message, we will once again be offering a 10-day Summer School in Bayonne this July 1 to 10th on our Basque Coast campus on the Practice of Data Science. Profs. Sieber, Cielen, Stockinger, and I will focus on the Practice of Data Science using examples from the Life Sciences, Smart Cities and Logistics. Please see http://baisummer.com
If needs be we may add a note in the blog post for the summer offer. Just let me know.