{"id":80220,"date":"2024-04-22T07:36:43","date_gmt":"2024-04-22T05:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/?p=80220"},"modified":"2024-05-18T15:05:16","modified_gmt":"2024-05-18T13:05:16","slug":"reseaux-de-neurones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2024\/04\/22\/reseaux-de-neurones\/","title":{"rendered":"Histoire des r\u00e9seaux de neurones : le perceptron"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le Perceptron est l’anc\u00eatre des IA g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives, mais il est arriv\u00e9 60 ans trop t\u00f4t et surtout, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trop pr\u00e9somptueux. Il a suscit\u00e9 des espoirs d\u00e9mesur\u00e9s, et des jalousies aussi, notamment celle de Marvin Minsky. Le r\u00e9sultat en fut le premier hiver de l’IA. Pour le vulgum pecus, ChatGPT est une \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9volution<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0. Mais pour les scientifiques, informaticiens, philosophes et les simples honn\u00eates hommes (et femmes), c’est surtout une \u00e9volution. L’\u00e9volution d’une pens\u00e9e qui remonte \u00e0 tr\u00e8s longtemps. Ce qui n’\u00e9tonne pas les lecteurs de Kurt Vonnegut<\/a> (Player Piano, 1957). En t\u00e9moigne cette \u00e9mission passionnante sur France Culture (Science Chrono<\/a>, Antoine Beauchamp, 22 avril 2024). <\/em><\/p>\n

Histoire des r\u00e9seaux de neurones : le perceptron<\/h2>\n
\"Frank
Frank Rosenblatt ’50, Ph. D. ’56, travaille sur l'\u00a0\u00bbordinateur \u00e9lectronique d’analyse de profil\u00a0\u00bb, pr\u00e9curseur du perceptron – voir l’article de Cornell<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dans cette passionnante \u00e9mission, Antoine Beauchamp nous d\u00e9crit l’invention du \u00ab perceptron \u00bb. Un nom d\u00e9licieusement marqu\u00e9 de l’esprit des ann\u00e9es 50, comme l’a fait remarquer l’animateur de France Culture. Au cours de cette passionnante interview, j’ai d\u00e9couvert que le New York Times s’\u00e9tait enflamm\u00e9 pour l’invention du perceptron. En tant qu’abonn\u00e9 \u00e0 cette noble feuille de chou, je suis donc all\u00e9 chercher un ancien article sur ce sujet, et j’ai retrouv\u00e9 ce billet de 1958 que j’ai traduit pour vous.<\/p>\n

On y parle de l’IBM \u00ab\u00a0704\u00a0\u00bb, un ordinateur de 5 tonnes de la taille d’une pi\u00e8ce – aliment\u00e9 avec une s\u00e9rie de cartes perfor\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb. Apr\u00e8s 50 essais, nous explique Melanie Lefkowitz de l’universit\u00e9 de Cornell, \u00ab\u00a0l’ordinateur a appris \u00e0 distinguer les cartes marqu\u00e9es \u00e0 gauche de celles marqu\u00e9es \u00e0 droite\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Voici le reportage de juillet 1958 par le reporter du NYT.<\/p>\n

Un nouveau dispositif de la marine apprend par la pratique<\/h4>\n

Un psychologue montre l’embryon d’un ordinateur con\u00e7u pour lire et devenir plus intelligent
\nWASHINGTON, 7 juillet 1958 (UPI)<\/p>\n

La marine am\u00e9ricaine a d\u00e9voil\u00e9 aujourd’hui l’embryon d’un ordinateur \u00e9lectronique qui devrait \u00eatre capable de marcher, de parler, de voir, d’\u00e9crire, de se reproduire et d’\u00eatre conscient de son existence.<\/p>\n

L’embryon – l’ordinateur \u00ab\u00a0704\u00a0\u00bb du Bureau m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique, d’une valeur de 2 000 000 $ – a appris \u00e0 faire la diff\u00e9rence entre la droite et la gauche apr\u00e8s cinquante tentatives lors de la d\u00e9monstration faite par la marine pour les journalistes.<\/p>\n

Le bureau a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu’il utiliserait ce principe pour construire la premi\u00e8re de ses machines \u00e0 penser Perceptron, qui sera capable de lire et d’\u00e9crire. Elle devrait \u00eatre achev\u00e9e dans un an environ, pour un co\u00fbt de 100 000 dollars.<\/p>\n

Le Dr Frank Rosenblatt, concepteur du Perceptron, a dirig\u00e9 la d\u00e9monstration. Il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la machine serait le premier appareil \u00e0 penser comme le cerveau humain. Comme les \u00eatres humains, le Perceptron commettra des erreurs au d\u00e9but, mais il deviendra plus intelligent \u00e0 mesure qu’il acquerra de l’exp\u00e9rience, a-t-il d\u00e9clar\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le Dr Rosenblatt, psychologue de recherche au Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, \u00e0 Buffalo, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que les Perceptrons pourraient \u00eatre envoy\u00e9s sur les plan\u00e8tes en tant qu’explorateurs spatiaux m\u00e9caniques.<\/p>\n

Sans contr\u00f4le humain<\/h4>\n

Selon la marine, le perceptron serait le premier m\u00e9canisme non vivant \u00ab\u00a0capable de recevoir, de reconna\u00eetre et d’identifier son environnement sans formation ni contr\u00f4le humain\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le \u00ab\u00a0cerveau\u00a0\u00bb est con\u00e7u pour m\u00e9moriser les images et les informations qu’il a lui-m\u00eame per\u00e7ues. Les ordinateurs ordinaires ne m\u00e9morisent que ce qui leur est transmis sur des cartes perfor\u00e9es ou des bandes magn\u00e9tiques. Plus tard, les perceptrons seront capables de reconna\u00eetre les personnes et d’appeler leur nom, et de traduire instantan\u00e9ment un discours dans une langue en un discours ou une \u00e9criture dans une autre langue, a-t-on pr\u00e9dit.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M. Rosenblatt a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu’en principe, il serait possible de construire des cerveaux. Ceux-ci pourraient se reproduire \u00e0 la cha\u00eene et qui seraient conscients de leur existence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Dans la d\u00e9monstration d’aujourd’hui, on a soumis deux cartes au \u00ab\u00a0704\u00a0\u00bb. L’une avec des carr\u00e9s marqu\u00e9s sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 gauche et l’autre avec des carr\u00e9s sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 droit.<\/p>\n

Apprendre par la pratique<\/h4>\n

Au cours des cinquante premiers essais, la machine n’a fait aucune distinction entre les deux. Elle a ensuite commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 enregistrer un \u00ab\u00a0Q\u00a0\u00bb pour les cases de gauche. Et un \u00ab\u00a0O\u00a0\u00bb pour les cases de droite. Le Dr Rosenblatt a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu’il ne pouvait expliquer pourquoi la machine n’avait appris que des termes tr\u00e8s techniques. Mais il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l’ordinateur avait subi un \u00ab\u00a0changement auto-induit dans son sch\u00e9ma de branchement\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le premier perceptron comportera environ 1 000 \u00ab\u00a0cellules d’association\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9lectroniques recevant des impulsions \u00e9lectriques d’un dispositif de balayage semblable \u00e0 un \u0153il et comportant 400 cellules photo\u00e9lectriques. Le cerveau humain compte 10 000 000 000 de cellules r\u00e9actives, dont 100 000 000 de connexions avec les yeux.<\/p>\n

\n

On remarquera l’incroyable prouesse du Perceptron mais aussi l’exc\u00e8s de confiance de la part de son inventeur. Et c’est justement cet exc\u00e8s qui mena \u00e0 l’hiver de l’IA de 1974. Ce monsieur Rosenblatt ne vous rappelle-t-il pas un autre personnage de l’IA plus contemporain ?<\/p>\n

\"Science<\/a> \u00c9couter l’\u00e9mission de Science Chrono sur le Perceptron<\/a><\/figure>\n

Acheter le livre de l’invit\u00e9 d’Antoine Beauchamp, ALBAN LEVEAU-VALLIER : IA<\/a>
\nL’intuition et la cr\u00e9ation \u00e0 l’\u00e9preuve des algorithmes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le Perceptron est l’anc\u00eatre des IA g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives, mais il est arriv\u00e9 60 ans trop t\u00f4t et surtout, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trop pr\u00e9somptueux. Il a suscit\u00e9 des espoirs d\u00e9mesur\u00e9s, et des jalousies aussi, notamment celle de Marvin Minsky. Le r\u00e9sultat en fut le premier hiver de l’IA. Pour le vulgum pecus, ChatGPT est une \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9volution\u00ab\u00a0. Mais …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":80221,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5127,2894],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-breves","category-ia-big-data"],"yoast_head":"\nPerceptron : l'histoire des r\u00e9seaux de neurones<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pour le vulgum pecus, ChatGPT est une "r\u00e9volution", mais pour les autres, il est l'enfant du perceptron et es r\u00e9seaux de neurones.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2024\/04\/22\/reseaux-de-neurones\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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