{"id":72154,"date":"2022-10-26T09:51:48","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T07:51:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/?p=72154"},"modified":"2022-11-04T16:37:15","modified_gmt":"2022-11-04T15:37:15","slug":"strategie-antifragile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/","title":{"rendered":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Visionary Marketing a interview\u00e9 <\/i><a style=\"font-style: italic;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/francoiscazals\/?locale=fr_FR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fran\u00e7ois Cazals<\/a><i>, pionnier de l\u2019Internet, du management et du consulting, et professeur \u00e0 HEC, qui lance <\/i><a style=\"font-style: italic;\" href=\"https:\/\/632979b25f067.site123.me\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">une formation en pr\u00e9sentiel et en distanciel<\/a><i>, intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u2009strat\u00e9gie antifragile\u2009\u00bb. La situation actuelle et\u00a0l\u2019impr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019avenir posent un grand nombre de\u00a0questions aux managers qui doivent tenir la barre dans ces temps difficiles. La formation con\u00e7ue par Fran\u00e7ois Cazals, inspir\u00e9e par les travaux de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nassim Nicholas Taleb<\/a>, a pour but de leur donner les\u00a0\u00e9l\u00e9ments n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la gestion par ces\u00a0temps difficiles.<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Strat\u00e9gie antifragile\u00a0: une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-72164 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"519\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg 519w, https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646-458x300.jpg 458w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>La formation <strong>strat\u00e9gie antifragile<\/strong> s\u2019inscrit dans la p\u00e9riode singuli\u00e8re que nous avons v\u00e9cue, celle du premier confinement, souligne Fran\u00e7ois.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Tout au d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e\u00a02020, beaucoup d\u2019entre nous ont \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9s, contraints et forc\u00e9s, \u00e0 arr\u00eater nos activit\u00e9s et \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_72166\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72166\" style=\"width: 1054px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/632979b25f067.site123.me\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-72166 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/screenshot-2022-10-26-at-090615.png\" alt=\"strat\u00e9gie antifragile\" width=\"1054\" height=\"575\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-72166\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/632979b25f067.site123.me\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La formation<\/a> strat\u00e9gie antifragile lanc\u00e9e par Fran\u00e7ois Cazals (en distanciel et en pr\u00e9sentiel)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Aucun de mes clients, pas plus que l\u2019\u00c9tat, n\u2019avait \u00e9t\u00e9 capable de pr\u00e9voir ce qui nous arrivait et encore moins les d\u00e9bats soci\u00e9taux qui en ont d\u00e9coul\u00e9\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Cela a amen\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois \u00e0 se poser une question de fond\u00a0:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>Comment se fait-il que mon organisation soit prise au d\u00e9pourvu en d\u00e9pit des nombreux plans Excel et feuilles de route que les grandes organisations imaginent \u00e0 longueur d\u2019ann\u00e9e\u2009?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>L\u2019inspiration derri\u00e8re la formation strat\u00e9gie antifragile<\/h3>\n<p>Sa r\u00e9flexion l\u2019a amen\u00e9 \u00e0 relire <strong>deux livres fondamentaux<\/strong> d\u2019un c\u00e9l\u00e8bre auteur libano-am\u00e9ricain,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nassim Nicholas Taleb<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_72170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72170\" style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-72170\" src=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/the-black-swan-by-nassim-taleb-473821643-e1666768331305.jpg\" alt=\"The Black Swan\" width=\"154\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/the-black-swan-by-nassim-taleb-473821643-e1666768331305.jpg 250w, https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/the-black-swan-by-nassim-taleb-473821643-e1666768331305-197x300.jpg 197w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-72170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Black Swan, le cygne noir de Taleb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Le premier est <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Cygne-Noir-puissance-limpr\u00e9visible-Fragilit\u00e9\/dp\/2251451366\/ref=asc_df_2251451366\/?tag=googshopfr-21&amp;linkCode=df0&amp;hvadid=411476931574&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=10333514352812396574&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9056144&amp;hvtargid=pla-932823790685&amp;psc=1&amp;tag=&amp;ref=&amp;adgrpid=91112123698&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvadid=411476931574&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=10333514352812396574&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9056144&amp;hvtargid=pla-932823790685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">le cygne noir\u00a0: la puissance de l\u2019impr\u00e9visible. <\/a><\/p>\n<p>Le deuxi\u00e8me, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Cygne-Noir-puissance-limpr\u00e9visible-Fragilit\u00e9\/dp\/2251451366\/ref=asc_df_2251451366\/?tag=googshopfr-21&amp;linkCode=df0&amp;hvadid=411476931574&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=10333514352812396574&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9056144&amp;hvtargid=pla-932823790685&amp;psc=1&amp;tag=&amp;ref=&amp;adgrpid=91112123698&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvadid=411476931574&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=10333514352812396574&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9056144&amp;hvtargid=pla-932823790685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Force et Fragilit\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Il y souligne\u00a0que, tr\u00e8s r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement, l\u2019humanit\u00e9 doit affronter des \u00e9v\u00e9nements totalement impr\u00e9visibles.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019auteur voit trois modalit\u00e9s li\u00e9es \u00e0 ces crises\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1 &#8211; Les plus faibles ne sont pas capables de les affronter<\/strong> et sont d\u00e9truits ou disparaissent \u00e0 la suite de la crise<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 &#8211; Quelques organisations ou individus arrivent \u00e0 r\u00e9sister<\/strong>, ils sont robustes<\/p>\n<p><strong>3 &#8211; Non seulement une petite proportion des hommes, entreprises ou organisations<\/strong> r\u00e9sistent aux crises, mais <strong>s\u2019y d\u00e9veloppent<\/strong> et se saisissent de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s<\/p>\n<p>Fran\u00e7ois est consultant en strat\u00e9gie. Pendant des ann\u00e9es, il a enseign\u00e9 et r\u00e9alis\u00e9 des missions de conseil \u00e0 base de plans strat\u00e9giques, de <a href=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2018\/01\/excel-pire-ennemi-entreprises\/\">tableaux Excel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Sans oublier les fameux plans \u00e0 trois, cinq ans. \u00ab\u2009Essayer de pr\u00e9voir le futur est une pr\u00e9tention intellectuelle tr\u00e8s grande\u2009\u00bb pourtant, ajoute Fran\u00e7ois.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>C\u2019\u00e9tait une remise en question intellectuelle tr\u00e8s grande\u00a0: mon m\u00e9tier pouvait-il continuer \u00e0 avoir du sens tel qu\u2019il est pratiqu\u00e9\u2009?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Quelles sont les le\u00e7ons qu\u2019on doit tirer des cygnes noirs qui se sont multipli\u00e9s\u2009?<\/p>\n<p>Une pand\u00e9mie mondiale, une guerre en Europe, le retour d\u2019une inflation massive, tout cela \u00e9tait impossible \u00e0 imaginer.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Nous avons v\u00e9cu \u00e0 la queue leu leu toutes sortes de choses qui \u00e9taient totalement impr\u00e9visibles et qui ont boulevers\u00e9 la donne et le mode de fonctionnement de tout un chacun\u2009\u00bb, poursuit Fran\u00e7ois Cazals.<\/p>\n<h3>La strat\u00e9gie a un sens si elle devient \u00ab\u2009antifragile\u2009\u00bb<\/h3>\n<p>Fran\u00e7ois aime cette citation de Jeff Bezos, l\u2019embl\u00e9matique patron <a href=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2017\/03\/distribution-retail-amazon\/\">d\u2019Amazon<\/a>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00ab\u2009Je re\u00e7ois tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quemment la question\u00a0: qu\u2019est-ce qui va changer dans les 10\u00a0prochaines ann\u00e9es\u2009?\u2009\u00bb C\u2019est une question tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante\u2009; elle est tr\u00e8s courante. On ne me pose presque jamais la question\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009Qu\u2019est-ce qui ne va pas changer au cours des dix prochaines ann\u00e9es \u2009?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Et je vous soumets que cette deuxi\u00e8me question est en fait la plus importante des deux \u2014 parce que vous pouvez construire une strat\u00e9gie commerciale autour des choses qui sont stables dans le temps\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Jeff Bezos (la r\u00e8gle de Jeff Bezos, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ideatovalue.com\/lead\/nickskillicorn\/2021\/02\/jeff-bezos-rule-what-will-not-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ce qui ne changera pas<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Or, un grand nombre de choses vont persister dans les 30 ou 40\u00a0ans qui viennent.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Je suis certain que le changement climatique, compte tenu de son inertie physique, va avoir des effets d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res pendant plusieurs d\u00e9cennies. Si je suis au comit\u00e9 ex\u00e9cutif, dirigeant, chef d\u2019\u00c9tat, etc., j\u2019ai un point de certitude tr\u00e8s grand que je peux inclure comme une variable stable de l\u2019\u00e9quation\u2009\u00bb explique Fran\u00e7ois Cazals.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, on est certain qu\u2019un certain nombre de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res sont <a href=\"https:\/\/peakoil.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plus pr\u00e8s de la fin<\/a> de leur stock qu\u2019au d\u00e9but.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>\u00c0 partir de l\u00e0, je remets en question l\u2019id\u00e9e que l\u2019on peut faire des pr\u00e9visions stables sur des dur\u00e9es de trois ou quatre ans<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>On peut, malgr\u00e9 cela, adopter une vision stable du futur. Pour y arriver, il faudra n\u00e9anmoins beaucoup de modestie. Pour cela, il faudra apprendre \u00e0\u00a0r\u00e9duire le risque en recourant \u00e0 des sc\u00e9narios.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Mais il y a vraiment un grand besoin de changement de culture mentale des dirigeants\u2009\u00bb, explique Fran\u00e7ois Cazals.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Il faut \u00eatre capable de se dire que s\u2019il y a un al\u00e9a que je n\u2019avais pas pr\u00e9vu dans mon plan strat\u00e9gique et mes tableaux Excel, je fais des confettis avec, et je dois changer mes plans\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Ceci ne concerne pas forc\u00e9ment l\u2019ensemble de ma vision, mais la mani\u00e8re d\u2019atteindre mon objectif.<\/p>\n<p>Ce n\u2019est pas \u00e9vident, car il est tr\u00e8s rassurant pour toutes les parties prenantes, notamment des grandes organisations des entreprises, de faire des rapports, tous les trimestres, sur les pr\u00e9visions de l\u2019avenir.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>En cas de choc, il faut avoir l\u2019humilit\u00e9 de se dire que les plans qu\u2019on avait \u00e9tablis sont perturb\u00e9s<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009On avait pr\u00e9vu 2\u00a0% d\u2019inflation, il y en a 12\u00a0%. On avait pr\u00e9vu que les taux resteraient bas et ils remontent significativement. Nous pensions aussi que la paix allait durer et on se trouve face \u00e0 la guerre en Ukraine et en cons\u00e9quence, on subit la tension sur les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, les semi-conducteurs, etc.\u2009\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3>Strat\u00e9gie antifragile\u00a0: comment diriger\u2009?<\/h3>\n<p>Il existe des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de litt\u00e9rature strat\u00e9gique qui permettent de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question.<\/p>\n<p>J\u2019en vois deux principaux, et ces deux approches sont d\u2019essence asiatique plut\u00f4t qu\u2019am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n<p>Une th\u00e9orie con\u00e7ue il y a\u00a0quelques ann\u00e9es par une professeure d\u2019origine indienne, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darden.virginia.edu\/faculty-research\/directory\/saras-d-sarasvathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saras Sarasvathy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Elle s\u2019est int\u00e9ress\u00e9e aux petites organisations, les PME, voire les TPE ou les ind\u00e9pendants. Elle a fait un constat\u00a0: <strong>aucune de ces petites bo\u00eetes n\u2019a de plan strat\u00e9gique, au sens o\u00f9 on l\u2019entend dans les grands groupes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Et pourtant, elles arrivent \u00e0 faire vivre leur activit\u00e9, la faire cro\u00eetre, et se d\u00e9velopper pendant des d\u00e9cennies et parfois des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>Comment se fait-il que les petits arrivent tr\u00e8s bien \u00e0 survivre et \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper sans tous les artifices utilis\u00e9s par les grandes entreprises\u2009?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ce que font les petits pourrait-il \u00eatre duplicable aux grandes structures qui ne sont pas tr\u00e8s agiles\u2009?<\/p>\n<p>Elle a ensuite \u00e9crit <a href=\"https:\/\/business.lesechos.fr\/entrepreneurs\/business-plan\/10026916-l-effectuation-et-ses-5-cles-pour-creer-la-fin-des-createurs-d-entreprise-super-heros-34176.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\u2019effectuation, <\/a>qui est l\u2019id\u00e9e de \u00ab\u2009faire avec ce qu\u2019on a\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>La vieille strat\u00e9gie, c\u2019est votre famille qui vous pr\u00e9vient trois mois \u00e0 l\u2019avance qu\u2019elle vient d\u00eener.<\/p>\n<p>Vous savez exactement qui va venir, vous connaissez leurs go\u00fbts, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Et tout se passe bien. Le supermarch\u00e9 est bien achaland\u00e9, les prix n\u2019ont pas boug\u00e9, aucun des convives ne fait faux bond.<\/p>\n<p>Tout se passe bien, c\u2019est la strat\u00e9gie qu\u2019on appelle causale<\/p>\n<p>Pour continuer \u00e0 filer la m\u00e9taphore, les al\u00e9as, c\u2019est un samedi soir, \u00e0 21\u00a0h\u00a015. Alors que tout est ferm\u00e9, huit amis arrivent de province, n\u2019ont pas trouv\u00e9 d\u2019h\u00f4tel, et viennent d\u00eener chez vous.<\/p>\n<p>Comme tout est ferm\u00e9, vous ouvrez votre placard et pr\u00e9parez des p\u00e2tes avec de la sauce tomate.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-light\"><p>Le principe d\u2019effectuation permet de d\u00e9velopper l\u2019agilit\u00e9 en p\u00e9riode de crise<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72172 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/screenshot-2022-10-26-at-093919-e1666769981935.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"197\" \/>Une deuxi\u00e8me approche, qui date de 2005, est la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blueoceanstrategy.com\/what-is-blue-ocean-strategy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Blue Ocean Strategy<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Elle pr\u00e9conise de fuir les oc\u00e9ans rouges de rivalit\u00e9s. Je pense qu\u2019on peut fuir, avec la technique des oc\u00e9ans bleus, ces oc\u00e9ans rouges des grandes crises.<\/p>\n<p>On peut cr\u00e9er des oc\u00e9ans bleus qui sont des espaces strat\u00e9giques originaux, qui offrent un cadre m\u00e9thodologique int\u00e9ressant et simple permettant l\u2019adaptation.<\/p>\n<p>En mixant ces deux cadres th\u00e9oriques, on se rend compte qu\u2019un certain nombre d\u2019approches th\u00e9oriques permettent de d\u00e9velopper cette caract\u00e9ristique d\u2019antifragilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u2009Dans cette formation sur la strat\u00e9gie antifragile, il y a bien d\u2019autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments compl\u00e9mentaires, plus manag\u00e9riaux et un peu moins strat\u00e9giques\u2009\u00bb, compl\u00e8te Fran\u00e7ois Cazals.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/632979b25f067.site123.me\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>La Formation Strat\u00e9gie antifragile a lieu le 27\u00a0octobre \u00e0 Paris, et les 28\u00a0octobre et 4\u00a0novembre en distanciel, inscrivez-vous\u2009!<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<div itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/AudioObject\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise\" \/><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2022-10-26T09:51:48+02:00\" \/><meta itemprop=\"encodingFormat\" content=\"audio\/mpeg\" \/><meta itemprop=\"duration\" content=\"PT20M40S\" \/><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Visionary Marketing a interview\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Cazals, pionnier de l\u2019Internet, du management et du consulting, et professeur \u00e0 HEC, qui lance une formation en pr\u00e9sentiel et en distanciel, intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u2009strat\u00e9gie antifragile\u2009\u00bb. La situation actuelle et\u00a0l\u2019imp...\" \/><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3\" \/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"7.3\" \/><div class=\"powerpress_player\" id=\"powerpress_player_5706\"><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-72154-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3\">https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/div><\/div><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1px !important;\">Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_pinw\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Play in new window\" onclick=\"return powerpress_pinw('https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/\/?powerpress_pinw=72154-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Play in new window<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/visionarymarketing_les\/agence.visionarymarketing.com\/files\/podcasts\/2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_d\" title=\"Download\" rel=\"nofollow\" download=\"2022-10-03-antifragile-RAW-mixdown_mixdown.mp3\">Download<\/a> (Duration: 20:40 &#8212; 7.3MB)<\/p><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_subscribe_links\">Subscribe: <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/visionarymarketing-les-interviews\/id731295319?mt=2&amp;ls=1#episodeGuid=https%3A%2F%2Fvisionarymarketing.com%2F%3Fp%3D72154\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_itunes\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe on Apple Podcasts\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apple Podcasts<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/show\/52VnZ1mhVSnDs4tQOx7Vuc\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_spotify\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe on Spotify\" rel=\"nofollow\">Spotify<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/subscribeonandroid.com\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/feed\/podcast\/\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_android\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe on Android\" rel=\"nofollow\">Android<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/feed\/podcast\/\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_rss\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe via RSS\" rel=\"nofollow\">RSS<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Visionary Marketing a interview\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Cazals, pionnier de l\u2019Internet, du management et du consulting, et professeur \u00e0 HEC, qui lance une formation en pr\u00e9sentiel et en distanciel, intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u2009strat\u00e9gie antifragile\u2009\u00bb. La situation actuelle et\u00a0l\u2019impr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019avenir posent un grand nombre de\u00a0questions aux managers qui doivent tenir la barre dans ces temps difficiles. La formation con\u00e7ue &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":72164,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4059],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-formation-et-elearning"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marketing and Innovation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/vismktg\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/ygourven\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"519\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"340\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yann Gourvennec\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ygourven\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ygourven\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Yann Gourvennec\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Yann Gourvennec\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e\"},\"headline\":\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1535,\"commentCount\":1,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"formation et elearning\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/\",\"name\":\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e\"},\"description\":\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg\",\"width\":519,\"height\":340,\"caption\":\"strat\u00e9gie antifragile\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/2022\\\/10\\\/26\\\/strategie-antifragile\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Marketing and Innovation\",\"description\":\"Site d&#039;infos ind\u00e9pendant, depuis 1996\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e\",\"name\":\"Yann Gourvennec\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg\",\"caption\":\"Yann Gourvennec\"},\"description\":\"Yann Gourvennec created visionarymarketing.com in 1996. He is a speaker and author of many books. In 2014 he went from intrapreneur to entrepreneur, when he created his digital marketing agency. Yann Gourvennec a cr\u00e9\u00e9 visionarymarketing.com en 1996. Il est conf\u00e9rencier et auteur de plusieurs livres. En 2014, il est pass\u00e9 d'intrapreneur \u00e0 entrepreneur en cr\u00e9ant son agence de marketing num\u00e9rique.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\",\"http:\\\/\\\/facebook.com\\\/ygourven\",\"http:\\\/\\\/linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/ygourven\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/ygourven\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/c\\\/visionarymarketingagency\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/visionarymarketing.com\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/yann-gourvennec\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise","description":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise","og_description":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions","og_url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/","og_site_name":"Marketing and Innovation","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/vismktg","article_author":"http:\/\/facebook.com\/ygourven","article_published_time":"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00","og_image":[{"width":519,"height":340,"url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Yann Gourvennec","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ygourven","twitter_site":"@ygourven","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Yann Gourvennec","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/"},"author":{"name":"Yann Gourvennec","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e"},"headline":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise","datePublished":"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/"},"wordCount":1535,"commentCount":1,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg","articleSection":["formation et elearning"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/","url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/","name":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg","datePublished":"2022-10-26T07:51:48+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-04T15:37:15+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e"},"description":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile. Dans un monde tr\u00e8s impr\u00e9visible, le management et la pr\u00e9vision dans le management posent de nombreuses questions","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/strategie-antifragile-49812203053-0e93106dc9-c-e1666767605646.jpg","width":519,"height":340,"caption":"strat\u00e9gie antifragile"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/2022\/10\/26\/strategie-antifragile\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Strat\u00e9gie antifragile : une formation pour antidote \u00e0 la crise"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/","name":"Marketing and Innovation","description":"Site d&#039;infos ind\u00e9pendant, depuis 1996","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/3754fee1e558f47b8deb46f53c37423e","name":"Yann Gourvennec","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5972001801e8de5692a3e31224e85769f50a55fb8b679749f9c8d1868cceff14?s=96&d=initials&r=g&initials=yg","caption":"Yann Gourvennec"},"description":"Yann Gourvennec created visionarymarketing.com in 1996. He is a speaker and author of many books. In 2014 he went from intrapreneur to entrepreneur, when he created his digital marketing agency. Yann Gourvennec a cr\u00e9\u00e9 visionarymarketing.com en 1996. Il est conf\u00e9rencier et auteur de plusieurs livres. En 2014, il est pass\u00e9 d'intrapreneur \u00e0 entrepreneur en cr\u00e9ant son agence de marketing num\u00e9rique.","sameAs":["https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com","http:\/\/facebook.com\/ygourven","http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/ygourven","https:\/\/x.com\/ygourven","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/visionarymarketingagency"],"url":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/author\/yann-gourvennec\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72154"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72154\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=72154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/visionarymarketing.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=72154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}